One of the important components in Halliday's systematic role-oriented linguistics is the category of subject-predicate, by means of which the process of initialization and construction of old and new information can be investigated in any text, including Manteq-al- Tayr. Therefore, with the descriptive-analytical method, we are trying to investigate the problem of simple and compound primers according to Michael Halliday's approach in Manteq-al-Tayr. The purpose of the research is to investigate the frequency of the most types of initiators, scrambling, and to explain the verbal purposes hidden in the depth of the textual structure of Manteq-al-Tayr. The results of the research show that the percentage of multiple themes is more than simple themes, which indicates the affinity of the text with the speech, and also, Attar has used all the capacities to facilitate readers' understanding. In the simple themes, the poet has used the initial construction of the verb, more than other initial constructions of object, complement, adjective, interrogative and adverb, which has made the construction of information clauses stand out and marked. Among multiple themes, textual primers have a higher frequency than interpersonal primers. Textual primers have played a significant role in the textual coherence of Manteq-al- Tayr.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the word order of topicalized constituents in Non-Pro.Making persian Topicalization based on Functional Discourse Grammar. Since this grammar does not believe in concepts such as movement, we will also seek to explain this process in base-generated procedures. Therefore, in this study, in order to achieve the above goals, the method of mapping the linguistic elements of sentences containing Non-Pro.Making Persian topicalized constituents in morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative ones presented in Functional Discourse Grammar was considered. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from selected samples of Persian speech and written texts, which after introducing the mechanisms of this grammar,have been analyzed based on the principles of this theory. The method of determining the order of constituents used in the present study is the dynamic method of FDG that is inspired by the method of determining the word order of Greenberg. In this approach instead of three categories of subject, object and verb, respectively, the concepts of actor, undergoer and predicate, determine the word order of the languages of the world. The results indicate that in marked constituents such as Topicalization, considering the communicative intention of the speaker, various elements including ,thematic and non-thematic elements and even predicates can be topicalized and on the other hand, considering that, based on the principles of this grammar, the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, so the Topicalization process is not the result of movement, but the topicalized element is produced in base-generated procedures in the same position. The results also show that Functional Discourse Grammar is an appropriate and efficient method by referring to the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability in determining the constituent arrangement of sentences containing Non-Pro.Making Persian Topicalization.

Topicalization and focus movement have been discussed in literature with respect to a vriety of their properties. In Persian, syntactic objects within Tense Phrase, including phrasal arguments, may freely be displaced to a higher position and the reordering of these elements is mainly considered to be the result of discourse functional elements such as topic and focus. The present study is an effort to address the question of the formal motiviation of these movements, and their formalization within a feature-based system. Moreover, it tries to account for the surface position of subject in Persian, based on a VP shell analysis and the strength of Dfeature in this language. Thus one of the main contributions of this study is that the uninterpretable D-feature on the head of TP is strong in Persian and as a result, the structural subject has to move to the specifer position of its own clause. If this conclusion is on the right track, the scrambled elements cannot be raised to the specifer of TP, an alternative analysis to karimi (2005) who asserts that Persian lacks typical A-movement involving subjects. Following on from haegeman and Gueron (1999), the specifers of two functional heads, i.e. FocP and TopP, are proposed to be the landing sites of the scrambled elements out of TP. Finally, based on the notion of Minimal Domain (MD), it is argued that the scrambled elements are subject to fundamental principles of MP, including Minimal Link Condition.

The Holy Quran, as an Arabic masterpiece, comprises great domains of syntactical, phonological, and semantic literary patterns. These patterns work as the shackle of translators. This study examined the application of the most common shift strategies in Catford’s linguistic model for translation of Topicalization in chapter 29 of the Holy Quran. The topicalized cases were compared to their coun-terparts in the three English renderings accomplished by Shakir, Nikayin, and Arberry. The study adopted Widdowson’s classification based on syntactic, phonetic, and semantic features of the liter-ary devices as the main framework and Halliday strategy for the exemplification of Topicalization as the second framework. The findings of the study depict that, Arberry, Shakir and Nikayin have shown a considerably greater tendency towards employment of Category Shift than Level Shift. Among the category shifts, unit shift and Literal translation respectively enjoyed the highest frequen-cy in the translation of Topicalization. All the current translators preserved Topicalization into target texts (un) intentionally. Finally, since the unit shift and literal translation proved the most frequently applied types of shifts in translation of syntactic patterns of religious texts from Arabic into English, the mentioned strategies may be considered as the part of schedule of translation workshops. Moreo-ver, since syntactic literary devices includes parts of the meaning of source text, so translators should pay more attention to preserve this phenomenon in translation procedure.

Introduction: In Persian discourse, characterized by a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order, the positioning of interrogative complements or prepositional objects is crucial for discourse structure and speech markers. These elements often appear in a focal position after the object but can be moved within the sentence and discourse. This movement is significant for discourse analysis and creating marked structures, particularly when these elements are placed at the beginning of sentence. Methods: This study investigates the processing of discourse comprehension in Persian by topicalizing interrogative complements using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). Following Friederici’s language processing model (1995), the focus is on the N200 component in the anterior left hemisphere. Four different positions of the interrogative complement within sentences were examined. Results: Analysis of the ERPs revealed distinct brain responses associated with the Topicalization of interrogative complements in Persian. Specifically, when the interrogative complement was moved to the beginning of the sentence in a topicalized position, a notable increase was observed in N200 amplitude in the left anterior region. These findings indicate that the Topicalization of interrogative complements in Persian creates a marked structure with altered neural correlates, reflecting its communicative and discourse-related significance. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the movement of interrogative complements in Persian to achieve Topicalization affects neurophysiological processes, particularly evidenced by changes in N200 amplitude. This supports the hypothesis that Topicalization in Persian serves discourse and communicative functions. These findings contribute to our understanding of how sentence structure variations in Persian are reflected in neurophysiological responses.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the presence and absence of inversion and Topicalization in Kurdish literature and its texts and to argue about how to explain the relationship between these processes based on sentence word order to classify the data; if the element preposed to the beginning of a sentence, it is considered preposing and if postponed to the end of the sentence it is considered postposing. The analysis has been based on information structure and pragmatics. In this article, to argue about the role of discoursal processes, inversion and Topicalization in Kurdish have been studied from functional perspective. The following results can be revealed in both inversion and Topicalization. Both of them match the marked topics and do not correspond with postposing. Topicalization is a process which is conditional and bound to preposing element. In both processes the commonest movement is preposing old information whether it is listener-old or discourse-old.

The purpose of this study is to investigate Persian pro. making Topicalization of possession construction and complementary object and how pronominal clitics appear according to "Functional Discourse Grammar". Thus, in this study the method of mapping Persian pro. making topicalized elements was explained based on this grammar. The results of the study and analysis of a number of selected sentences from speech and written texts of Persian language indicate that in this construction, considering communicative intention of the speaker, various elements such as possessor in possession constructions and complementary object can be topicalized, so the dynamic method of determining the word order of this approach is suitable to explain it. On the other hand, due to the fact that the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level, based on the principles of this grammar, is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, the pro. making Topicalization process is not the result of movement, but is produced in base-generated procedures. The most important result of this study is to determine the cause of the appearance of pronominal clitics in Persian pro. making Topicalization process and to determine whether it is obligatory or non-obligatory, which is done for the first time by applying the mechanisms of this approach. 1. Introduction Topicalization is a linguistic mechanism that alters the unmarked arrangement of the sentence structure and constructs a "non-fundamental (marked)" structure, That is, it creates a structure that is a modified form of "fundamental" construction. In Topicalization process, part of the information desired by the speaker takes the first place in the paragraph to facilitate the information status of the audience. In this study, the Topicalization of possession construction and complementary object in Persian language is examined based on "Functional Discourse Grammar". Up to now, linguists have presented a variety of functional approaches in the form of a continuum, based on the importance of function over form. Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), introduced by Kees Hengeveld and Lachlan Mackenzie (2008), is a typological-functional approach, which lies in the middle of the continuum of functional approaches. Although this grammar is in the continuum of functional approaches, it also considers the structural features of language units. The present study will investigate Persian pro making Topicalization based on Functional Discourse grammar and seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1-Considering the fact that no movement is allowed for the constituents in Functional Discourse Grammar, how does it explain the Persian pro. making Topicalization? 2-How can the principles of Functional Discourse Grammar determine the order of pro. making topicalized constituents in Persian at the beginning of the clause and the appearance of pronominal clitic in their main positions? 2. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of the present study is one of the newest approaches in functional linguistics. The construction of language in this grammar is considered to be done in four levels, Interpersonal, Representational, Morphosyntactic and Phonological ones. This grammar, has a dynamic method of determining the order of constituents. Thus, the position of any linguistic element in the clause is not predetermined in the sentence structure, but is determined based on the layer in which it is produced, its functional and semantic role (linguistic context), and according to other upstream elements in the hierarchy of layers of interpersonal and representational levels. Therefore, in FDG, instead of three categories of subject, object, and verb, the concepts of actor, undergoer, and predicate, respectively, determine the word order of the languages of the world. The mapping operation of interpersonal and representational levels on morphosyntactic templates in FDG is performed under the rule of three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability. The principle of iconicity oversees the maintenance of correspondence in the mapping of the sequence of the formation of the contents of interpersonal and representation levels on the morphosyntactic level. According to the principle of domain integrity, linguistic elements that belong to each other at the interpersonal and representational levels should also be mapped adjacent to each other at the morphosyntactic level. According to the principle of functional stability, constituents that have the same characteristics, both at the interpersonal level and at the representational level, should be placed at the same position in morphosyntactic level in relation to other categories. 3. Methodology This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from pro. making Persian topicalized samples. The main purpose of this study is to explain the process of pro. making persian Topicalization based on FDG. Since this grammar does not believe in concepts such as movement, we will seek to explain this process in base-generated procedures. Therefore, the method of mapping the linguistic elements of sentences containing pro. making Persian topicalized constituents was considered in morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative ones and the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability used in FDG. 4. Results & Discussion The results indicate that in marked constituents such as Persian pro. making Topicalization, considering the communicative intention of the speaker, various elements such as the possessor in possession constructions and complementary object can be topicalized, thus the dynamic method of determining the word order of this approach is a suitable and efficient method to explain this type of Topicalization. On the other hand, due to the fact that the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level, based on the principles of this grammar, is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, so the Topicalization process is not the result of movement, but is produced in base-generated procedures. The most important result of this study is to determine the cause of the appearance of the pronominal clitics in Persian pro. making Topicalization process and to determine whether it is obligatory or non-obligatory, which is done by applying the mechanisms of FDG. The results also showed that the production of linguistic elements in the layers of hierarchical levels of FDG and the way they are arranged in absolute and relative positions in marked constituents such as pro. making Persian Topicalization is done by violating the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability, which was analyzed in several Persian examples. 5. conclusions & Suggestions By investigating the mechanisms of FDG, it was found that this approach is appropriate in determining the word order of pro. making Topicalization process and that pro. making Topicalization is not the result of movement but the tropicalized constituent is produced in its original position by violating the principles of FDG. Examining the principles of FDG in other Persian marked and unmarked structures is recommended for the future studies.

In the Persian language, there is a special syntactic structure in which the proposition of the sentence, which is a complete sentence itself, together with the subject, forms another sentence. Abdul Rasul Khyampoor, the traditional grammarian, has mentioned such structure as a large and small sentence. The linguists also consider such a structure to be the result of the Topicalization process, in which the proposition is basically an element within the sentence that then by the process of Topicalization has separated from its grammatical position and moved to the beginning of the sentence and in place of that element, a co-referential pronoun has been placed. Of course, Topicalization as a process in moving the components of speech to the beginning of the sentence has a wide structural scope and in this paper, only a special type of it is considered which causes doubled clitic in the sentence and produces a distinctive syntactic structure. The grammarian and linguists have studied this structure as a grammatical phenomenon. They have tried to describe and explain the way of this syntactic construction and to determine appropriate names and titles for its components. In this paper we study this structure with approach of rhetoric. We want to show that the main cause of forming this structure has been the rhetorical aims, such as “, centeredness of the subject”, , “, observing the principle of speech”,and “, emphasis”, .

In this article, the formal structure of the Persian relative clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive) is examined. This study focuses on the possibility of extraposition of the relative clause to the right of its canonical position and it’s adjunction to TP or FocP. In general there are three approaches to extraposition in languages: rightward movement account, late merge analysis by which the relative clause should be late mereged with the constituents which they modify, leftward movement of the non-clausal part of an argument and stranding the clause. Based on some syntactic considerations in Persian such as having multiple clauses at the end of the sentence, movement of result clauses to the final position of the sentence, movement of relative clause with coordinate antecedent; relative clauses can moved to the right of the sentence and the extra posed element would be adjoined to TP or FocP and hence out the c-command domain of its trace.

Nowadays, television programs are an inseparable part of life and animation has a special place in these programs, in such a way that the audience is unconsciously exposed and influenced by persuasive communication. The main goal of the current study is to investigate the techniques of persuasion in the construction of linguistic value concepts in the animation of Shekarestan, in which linguistic tools such as allegory and proverbs, which are intertextuality topics, are used to convey concepts and persuade the viewer. The current research, which is conducted on eight episodes of the animation of Shekarestan, is of a descriptive-analytical type, and its purpose is to present the results of the study of the representation of cultural values in Iranian animation to influence children's cognitive behavior. The findings revealed that in every part of Shekarestan, an attempt has been made to convey and induce the message to the audience by using specific discourse, cultural beliefs and various persuasion techniques. The results show that among the techniques of persuasion, Topicalization, repetition, flattery, exaggeration, and explicit claims are more used to represent cultural values.